![]() (The Body in the Mind: 40)Ħ This view is consistent with that of Langacker (1991), who offers the following comments on the phenomena of negation: It makes perfectly good sense, therefore, that modeltheoretic semantics should analyze the “not” operator as a set complementation, that is, not-X is interpreted as all those falling “outside” the set X”. Thus, a negation of some type (or category) of experience is understood as characterizing what is outside the category. (4) We understand our experience as broken up according to basic categories (of objects, events, states, properties, relations, etc.) We understand these categories as abstract containers, so that whatever is within the category is in the appropriate container. He states that negating some category of experience is equivalent to viewing it as being outside the category: Johnson (1987) avers that objects, events, states, properties, relations, etc., are understood in terms of abstract containers via mapping process. Unexpectedness is closely related to negative meaning: this is evident from the views of Johnson (1987) and Langacker (1991). In (3d), there are no direct negative markers hence the word “amazing” indicates the speaker's surprise. Usually, “at all”, one of the English NPIs 2 is used in sentences that have a direct negative marker, such as “not” or “no”. 2 NPIs: Negative Polarity Items are expressions which have certain uses only in contexts containing a (.)ĥ In the above example, a certain type of factor relates to negative meaning.Jack Wilde : While both sides have valid points of view, the producers of “She Spies” wish to state that we take no stand whatsoever on the issue of animal testing, as we lack the moral fiber to take a strong position on anything at all. Sydney: What, the fact that I saw it or just that it's there at all? Ĭ. Kate: If it would be any help at all, you could practice on me. I have some friends in this country at all.Ĥ Occasionally, we find examples of non-negative sentences that have negative meanings, such as below: I have no friends in this country at all. I don't have any friends in this country at all.ī. The negative sentence contains a negative word such as “no”, “not”, “nothing”, and “never”. Firstly, typical positive-negative sentence pairs are given below. Backgrounds: negative meaning in positive sentencesģ Topics related to the meanings of negation are my primary interest. ![]() This paper investigates the negative meaning expressed by antonyms and synonyms. However, thus far, their characteristics have not been adequately investigated from the perspective of negation. Antonyms and synonyms are two classical linguistic categories, and their concepts are closely related to negation. A number of the usages are reflections of our perceptions of our world and environment. In this paper, I will focus on the “negative meanings”. Simultaneously, we can also observe several “negative meanings” in various aspects of speech. ![]() One of the most prominent functions of negation is its appearance as a direct negative marker, such as “not” or “no”, in order to deny an object or actions. Classifying concepts related to negation will help us understand the ways in which it is used, and will reveal one of the bases of our cognition. 1 This paper investigates some of the cognitive aspects of negation in antonyms and synonyms.Ģ Negation is an elemental factor in our language, and there is a variety of expressions that can convey negative meanings.
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